009B Sample Midterm 3, Problem 5 Detailed Solution
Evaluate the indefinite and definite integrals.
(a) Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int x\ln x ~dx}
(b) Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx}
| Background Information: |
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| 1. Integration by parts tells us that |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int u~dv=uv-\int v~du.} |
| 2. Recall the trig identity |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin^2(x)=\frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}.} |
Solution:
(a)
| Step 1: |
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| To evaluate this integral, we use integration by parts. |
| Let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u=\ln x} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle dv=x~dx.} |
| Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle du=\frac{1}{x}dx} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v=\frac{x^2}{2}.} |
| Step 2: |
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| Using integration by parts, we get |
|
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int x\ln x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\frac{x^2\ln x}{2}-\int \frac{x}{2}~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{x^2\ln x}{2}-\frac{x^2}{4}+C.} \end{array}} |
(b)
| Step 1: |
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| One of the double angle formulas is |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(2x)=1-2\sin^2(x).} |
| Solving for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin^2(x),} we get |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin^2(x)=\frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}.} |
| Plugging this identity into our integral, we get |
|
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \frac{1}{2}~dx-\int_0^\pi \frac{\cos(2x)}{2}~dx.}\\ \end{array}} |
| Step 2: |
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| If we integrate the first integral, we get |
|
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\left.\frac{x}{2}\right|_{0}^\pi-\int_0^\pi \frac{\cos(2x)}{2}~dx}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\int_0^\pi \frac{\cos(2x)}{2}~dx.}\\ \end{array}} |
| Step 3: |
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| For the remaining integral, we need to use Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution. |
| Let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u=2x.} |
| Then, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle du=2~dx} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{du}{2}=dx.} |
| Also, since this is a definite integral and we are using Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u} -substitution, |
| we need to change the bounds of integration. |
| We have Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u_1=2(0)=0} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u_2=2(\pi)=2\pi.} |
| So, the integral becomes |
|
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\int_0^\pi \sin^2x~dx} & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{\cos(u)}{4}~du}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\left.\frac{\sin(u)}{4}\right|_0^{2\pi}}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}-\bigg(\frac{\sin(2\pi)}{4}-\frac{\sin(0)}{4}\bigg)}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{\pi}{2}.}\\ \end{array}} |
| Final Answer: |
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| (a) Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{x^2\ln x}{2}-\frac{x^2}{4}+C} |
| (b) Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{\pi}{2}} |