009C Sample Midterm 2, Problem 5

If  $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }c_{n}x^{n}$  converges, does it follow that the following series converges?

(a)  $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }c_{n}{\bigg (}{\frac {x}{2}}{\bigg )}^{n}$

(b)  $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }c_{n}(-x)^{n}$

Foundations:
Ratio Test
Let  $\sum a_{n}$  be a series and  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\bigg|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\bigg|.}
Then,
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L<1,}   the series is absolutely convergent.
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L>1,}   the series is divergent.
If  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L=1,}   the test is inconclusive.

Solution:

(a)

Step 1:
Assume that the power series  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_nx^n}   converges.
Let  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R}   be the radius of convergence of this power series.
We can use the Ratio Test to find  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R.}
Using the Ratio Test, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{c_{n+1}x^{n+1}}{c_nx^n}\bigg|} & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg|\frac{c_{n+1}x}{c_n}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{|x|\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}.} \end{array}}
Since the radius of convergence of the series  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_nx^n}   is  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R,}   we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R=\frac{1}{\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}}}.}

Step 2:
Now, we use the Ratio Test to find the radius of convergence of the series Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n\bigg(\frac{x}{2}\bigg)^n.}
Using the Ratio Test, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{c_{n+1}2^nx^{n+1}}{c_n2^{n+1}x^n}\bigg|} & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg|\frac{c_{n+1}x}{2c_n}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{\frac{|x|}{2}\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}.} \end{array}}
Hence, the radius of convergence of this power series is
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{2}{\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}}}=2R.}
Therefore, this power series converges.

(b)

Step 1:
Assume that the power series  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_nx^n}   converges.
Let  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R}   be the radius of convergence of this power series.
We can use the Ratio Test to find  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R.}
Using the Ratio Test, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{c_{n+1}x^{n+1}}{c_nx^n}\bigg|} & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg|\frac{c_{n+1}x}{c_n}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{|x|\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}.} \end{array}}
Since the radius of convergence of the series  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_nx^n}   is  Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R,}   we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R=\frac{1}{\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}}}.}

Step 2:
Now, we use the Ratio Test to find the radius of convergence of the series Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n(-x)^n .}
Using the Ratio Test, we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg| \frac{c_{n+1}(-x)^{n+1}}{c_n(-x)^n}\bigg|} & = & \displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \bigg|\frac{c_{n+1}(-x)}{c_n}\bigg|}\\ &&\\ & = & \displaystyle{|x|\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}.} \end{array}}
Hence, the radius of convergence of this power series is
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\displaystyle{\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \frac{c_{n+1}}{c_n}}}=R.}
Therefore, this power series converges.

Final Answer:
(a)     converges
(b)     converges

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