009C Sample Final 1, Problem 2

Find the sum of the following series:

a) $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-2)^{n}e^{-n}$

b) $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{2^{n}}}-{\frac {1}{2^{n+1}}}{\bigg )}$

Foundations:
Recall:
1. For a geometric series $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }ar^{n}$ with $|r|<1,$
$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }ar^{n}={\frac {a}{1-r}}.$
2. For a telescoping series, we find the sum by first looking at the partial sum Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle s_{k}}
and then calculate Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \lim _{k\rightarrow \infty }s_{k}.}

Solution:

(a)

Step 1:
First, we write
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-2)^{n}e^{-n}}&=&\displaystyle {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-2)^{n}}{e^{n}}}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\bigg (}{\frac {-2}{e}}{\bigg )}^{n}.}\\\end{array}}$

Step 2:
Since Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle 2<e,~{\bigg |}-{\frac {2}{e}}{\bigg |}<1.} So,
Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-2)^{n}e^{-n}}&=&\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2}{e}}}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\frac {e+2}{e}}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {e}{e+2}}.}\\\end{array}}}

(b)

Step 1:
This is a telescoping series. First, we find the partial sum of this series.
Let Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle s_{k}=\sum _{n=1}^{k}{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{2^{n}}}-{\frac {1}{2^{n+1}}}{\bigg )}.}
Then,
Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle s_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2^{k+1}}}.}

Step 2:
Thus,
${\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle {\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{2^{n}}}-{\frac {1}{2^{n+1}}}{\bigg )}}&=&\displaystyle {\lim _{k\rightarrow \infty }s_{k}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {\lim _{k\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2^{k+1}}}}\\&&\\&=&\displaystyle {{\frac {1}{2}}.}\\\end{array}}$

Final Answer:
(a) Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle {\frac {e}{e+2}}}
(b) Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}

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